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<title>Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer</title>

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Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer

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</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">AMS-02 on the truss, as viewed during an <a href="Expedition_50" title="Expedition 50">Expedition 50</a> spacewalk</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Module statistics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Rocket_launch" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket launch">Launch date</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16 May 2011 13:56:28 (2011-05-16UTC13:56:28) <a href="UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a><a href="#cite_note-launchslip2-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-UT-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-landing-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicle</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavour</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Space_rendezvous" title="Space rendezvous">Berthed</a></th><td class="infobox-data">May 19, 2011 (2011-05-19)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,717 kg (14,808 lb)</td></tr></tbody></table>

The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02) is a <a href="Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a> experiment module that is mounted on the <a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS).<a href="#cite_note-Rainey2013-4">[4]</a> The experiment is a recognized <a href="CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> experiment (RE1).<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The module is a detector that measures <a href="Antimatter" title="Antimatter">antimatter</a> in <a href="Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a>; this information is needed to understand the formation of the <a href="Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> and search for evidence of <a href="Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">dark matter</a>.

The <a href="Principal_investigator" title="Principal investigator">principal investigator</a> is <a href="Nobel_laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureate">Nobel laureate</a> particle physicist <a href="Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Samuel Ting</a>. The launch of <a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavour</a> flight <a href="STS-134" title="STS-134">STS-134</a> carrying AMS-02 took place on May 16, 2011, and the <a href="Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a> was installed on May 19, 2011.<a href="#cite_note-ESTEC2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> By April 15, 2015, AMS-02 had recorded over 60 billion cosmic ray events<a href="#cite_note-AMS02-9">[9]</a> and 90 billion after five years of operation since its installation in May 2011.<a href="#cite_note-AMS02-2016-10">[10]</a>

In March 2013, Professor Ting reported initial results, saying that AMS had observed over 400,000 <a href="Positron" title="Positron">positrons</a>, with the positron to electron fraction increasing from 10 GeV to 250 GeV. (Later results have shown a decrease in positron fraction at energies over about 275 GeV). There was "no significant variation over time, or any preferred incoming direction. These results are consistent with the positrons originating from the annihilation of dark matter particles in space, but not yet sufficiently conclusive to rule out other explanations." The results have been published in <a href="Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-physrevltrs413-11">[11]</a> Additional data are still being collected.<a href="#cite_note-physrevltrs413-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-AMS-20130403-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP-20130403-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-20130403-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20130403-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20130403-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

The alpha magnetic spectrometer was proposed in 1995 by the Antimatter Study Group,<a href="#cite_note-AMS1994-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rainey2013-4">[4]</a> led by <a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> particle physicist Samuel Ting, not long after the cancellation of the <a href="Superconducting_Super_Collider" title="Superconducting Super Collider">Superconducting Super Collider</a>. The original name for the instrument was Antimatter Spectrometer,<a href="#cite_note-Rainey2013-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-AMS1994-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Battiston2008-19">[19]</a> with the stated objective to search for primordial antimatter, with a target resolution of antimatter/matter ≈10−9.<a href="#cite_note-AMS1994-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Battiston2008-19">[19]</a> The proposal was accepted and Ting became the <a href="Principal_investigator" title="Principal investigator">principal investigator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-20">[20]</a>

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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:425px;max-width:425px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption">AMS-01 flew in space in June 1998 aboard the <a href="Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Space Shuttle Discovery</a> on <a href="STS-91" title="STS-91">STS-91</a>. It is visible near the rear of the payload bay.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:276px;max-width:276px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption">A detail view of the AMS-01 module (center) mounted in the <a href="Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">shuttle</a> payload bay for the <a href="STS-91" title="STS-91">STS-91</a> mission.</div></div></div></div></div>

An AMS prototype designated AMS-01, a simplified version of the detector, was built by the international consortium under Ting's direction and flown into space aboard the <a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Discovery</a> on <a href="STS-91" title="STS-91">STS-91</a> in June 1998. By not detecting any <a href="Antihelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihelium">antihelium</a>, the AMS-01 established an upper limit of 1.1×10−6 for the antihelium-to-helium <a href="Flux" title="Flux">flux</a> ratio<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and proved that the detector concept worked in space. This shuttle mission was the last shuttle flight to the <a href="Mir" title="Mir">Mir space station</a>.

After the flight of the prototype, the group, now labelled the AMS Collaboration, began the development of a full research system designated AMS-02. This development effort involved the work of 500 scientists from 56 institutions and 16 countries organized under <a href="United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> (DOE) sponsorship.

The instrument which eventually resulted from a long evolutionary process has been called "the most sophisticated particle detector ever sent into space", rivaling very large detectors used at major <a href="Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerators</a>, and has cost four times as much as any of its ground-based counterparts. Its goals have also evolved and been refined over time. As built it is a more comprehensive detector which has a better chance of discovering evidence of <a href="Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">dark matter</a> along with other goals.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>

The power requirements for AMS-02 were thought to be too great for a practical independent spacecraft, so AMS-02 was designed to be installed as an external module on the International Space Station and use power from the ISS. The post-<a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a> plan was to deliver AMS-02 to the ISS by space shuttle in 2005 on <a href="Assembly_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Assembly of the International Space Station">station assembly</a> mission UF4.1, but technical difficulties and shuttle scheduling issues added more delays.<a href="#cite_note-overview-23">[23]</a>

AMS-02 completed final integration and operational testing at <a href="CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> in <a href="Geneva%2C_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva, Switzerland">Geneva, Switzerland</a> which included exposure to energetic <a href="Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> beams generated by the CERN <a href="Super_Proton_Synchrotron" title="Super Proton Synchrotron">SPS particle accelerator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> AMS-02 was then shipped by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.route-to-space.eu/index.php/en/projects/alpha-magnetic-spectrometer">specialist hauler</a> <a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> to <a href="European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA's</a> <a href="European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">European Space Research and Technology Centre</a> (ESTEC) facility in the <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, arriving February 16, 2010. Here it underwent thermal vacuum, <a href="Electromagnetic_compatibility" title="Electromagnetic compatibility">electromagnetic compatibility</a>, and <a href="Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">electromagnetic interference</a> testing. AMS-02 was scheduled for delivery to the <a href="Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> in <a href="Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, United States, in late May 2010.<a href="#cite_note-ESTEC2-7">[7]</a> This was, however, postponed to August 26, as AMS-02 underwent final alignment beam testing at CERN.<a href="#cite_note-amsliftedatgva-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-ESTEC-28">[28]</a>

<div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption">AMS-02 during final alignment testing at <a href="CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> just days before being airlifted to <a href="Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Cape Canaveral</a>, Florida.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Beamline from <a href="Super_Proton_Synchrotron" title="Super Proton Synchrotron">SPS</a> feeding 20 GeV <a href="Positron" title="Positron">positrons</a> to AMS for alignment testing at the time of the picture.</div></div></div></div></div>

A cryogenic, <a href="Superconducting_magnet" title="Superconducting magnet">superconducting magnet</a> system was initially installed on the AMS-02. When the <a href="Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a> extended International Space Station operations beyond 2015, the decision was made by AMS management to exchange the AMS-02 superconducting magnet for the non-superconducting magnet previously flown on AMS-01. Although the non-superconducting magnet has a weaker <a href="Field_strength" title="Field strength">field strength</a>, its on-orbit operational time at ISS is expected to be 10 to 18 years versus only three years for the superconducting version.<a href="#cite_note-AWST-29">[29]</a> In December 2018, it was announced that funding for the ISS had been extended to 2030.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>

In 1999, after the successful flight of AMS-01, the total cost of the AMS program was estimated to be $33 million, with AMS-02 planned for flight to the ISS in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> After the <a href="Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Space Shuttle Columbia disaster</a> in 2003, and after a number of technical difficulties with the construction of AMS-02, the cost of the program ballooned to an estimated $2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hsu-33">[33]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Installation_on_the_International_Space_Station">Installation on the International Space Station</h3></div>

<div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:624px;max-width:624px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:251px;max-width:251px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption">A computer generated image showing AMS-02 mounted to the <a href="ISS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISS">ISS</a> S3 Upper Inboard Payload Attach Site.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:369px;max-width:369px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Location of the AMS on the <a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (upper left).</div></div></div></div></div>

For several years it was uncertain if AMS-02 would ever be launched because it was not manifested to fly on any of the remaining <a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> flights.<a href="#cite_note-wp-2007-34">[34]</a> After the 2003 <a href="Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Columbia disaster</a>, NASA decided to reduce shuttle flights and retire the remaining shuttles by 2010. A number of flights were removed from the remaining manifest, including the flight for AMS-02.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-20">[20]</a> In 2006, NASA studied alternative ways of delivering AMS-02 to the space station, but they all proved to be too expensive.<a href="#cite_note-wp-2007-34">[34]</a>

In May 2008, a bill<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> was proposed to launch AMS-02 to the ISS on an additional shuttle flight in 2010 or 2011.<a href="#cite_note-House_Bill_Would_Authorize_Additional_Shuttle_Flights-36">[36]</a> The bill was passed by the full U.S. <a href="United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> on June 11, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The bill then went before the <a href="United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce%2C_Science%2C_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">Senate Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee</a> where it also passed. It was then amended and passed by the full <a href="United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> on September 25, 2008, and was passed again by the House on September 27, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Congress_Passes_Final_Version_HR6063-38">[38]</a> It was signed into law by President <a href="George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> on October 15, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Bush_Signs_NASA_Authorization_Act-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress_-_H.R.6063_-_Major_Actions-40">[40]</a> The bill authorized NASA to add another space shuttle flight to the schedule before the space shuttle program was discontinued. In January 2009, NASA restored AMS-02 to the shuttle manifest. On August 26, 2010, AMS-02 was delivered from <a href="CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> to the <a href="Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> by a <a href="Lockheed_C-5_Galaxy" title="Lockheed C-5 Galaxy">Lockheed C-5 Galaxy</a> jet.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>

It was delivered to the <a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> on May 19, 2011, as part of station assembly flight ULF6 on shuttle flight <a href="STS-134" title="STS-134">STS-134</a>, commanded by <a href="Mark_Kelly_(astronaut)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Kelly (astronaut)">Mark Kelly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-manifest-42">[42]</a> It was removed from the shuttle cargo bay using the shuttle's robotic arm and handed off to the station's robotic arm for installation. AMS-02 is mounted on top of the <a href="Integrated_Truss_Structure" title="Integrated Truss Structure">Integrated Truss Structure</a>, on USS-02, the <a href="Zenith" title="Zenith">zenith</a> side of the <a href="Integrated_Truss_Structure#P3.2FP4.2C_S3.2FS4_truss_assemblies" title="Integrated Truss Structure">S3-element</a> of the truss.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-AMS-02-43">[43]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operations,_condition_and_repairs">Operations, condition and repairs</h3></div>

By April 2017, only one of the 4 redundant coolant pumps for the silicon trackers was fully working, and repairs were being planned, despite AMS-02 not being designed to be serviced in space.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-AMS-repair-45">[45]</a> By 2019, the last pump was being operated intermittently.<a href="#cite_note-AMS-repair-45">[45]</a> In November 2019, after four years of planning,<a href="#cite_note-AMS-repair-45">[45]</a> special tools and equipment were sent to the ISS for in-situ repairs requiring four <a href="Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">EVAs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Liquid carbon dioxide coolant was also replenished.<a href="#cite_note-AMS-repair-45">[45]</a>

The repairs were conducted by the ISS crew of <a href="Expedition_61" title="Expedition 61">Expedition 61</a>. The spacewalkers were the expedition commander and <a href="European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> astronaut <a href="Luca_Parmitano" title="Luca Parmitano">Luca Parmitano</a>, and <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> astronaut <a href="Andrew_R._Morgan" title="Andrew R. Morgan">Andrew Morgan</a>. Both of them were assisted by NASA astronauts <a href="Christina_Koch" title="Christina Koch">Christina Koch</a> and <a href="Jessica_Meir" title="Jessica Meir">Jessica Meir</a> who operated the <a href="Mobile_Servicing_System" title="Mobile Servicing System">Canadarm2</a> robotic arm from inside the Station. The spacewalks were described as the "most challenging since [the last] <a href="STS-125" title="STS-125">Hubble repairs</a>".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>

The entire spacewalk campaign was a central feature of the <a href="List_of_Disney%2B_original_programming" title="List of Disney+ original programming">Disney+ docuseries Among The Stars</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_spacewalk">First spacewalk</h4></div>

The first spacewalk was conducted on November 15, 2019. The spacewalk began with the removal of the debris shield covering AMS, which was jettisoned to burn up in the atmosphere. The next task was to install three handrails in the vicinity of AMS to prepare for the next spacewalks and remove zip ties on the AMS' vertical support strut. This was followed by the "get ahead" tasks: Parmitano removed the screws from a carbon-fibre cover under the insulation and passed the cover to Morgan to jettison. The spacewalkers also removed the vertical support beam cover. The duration of the spacewalk was 6 hours and 39 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_spacewalk">Second spacewalk</h4></div>

The second spacewalk was conducted on November 22, 2019. Parmitano and Morgan cut a total of eight stainless steel tubes, including one that vented the remaining carbon dioxide from the old cooling pump. The crew members also prepared a power cable and installed a mechanical attachment device in advance of installing the new cooling system. The duration of the spacewalk was 6 hours and 33 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_spacewalk">Third spacewalk</h4></div>

The third spacewalk was conducted on December 2, 2019. The crew completed the primary task of installing the upgraded cooling system, called the upgraded tracker thermal pump system (UTTPS), completed the power and data cable connections for the system, and connected all eight cooling lines from the AMS to the new system. The intricate connection work required making a clean cut for each existing stainless steel tube connected to the AMS, then connecting it to the new system through <a href="Swaging" title="Swaging">swaging</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[51]</a>

The astronauts also completed an additional task to install an insulating blanket on the <a href="Nadir" title="Nadir">nadir</a> side of the AMS to replace the heat shield and blanket they removed during the first spacewalk to begin the repair work. The flight control team on Earth initiated power-up of the system and confirmed its reception of power and data.<a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[51]</a>

The duration of the spacewalk was 6 hours and 2 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[51]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fourth_spacewalk">Fourth spacewalk</h4></div>

The fourth spacewalk was conducted on January 25, 2020. The astronauts conducted leak checks for the cooling system on the AMS and opened a valve to pressurize the system. Parmitano found a leak in one of the AMS's cooling lines. The leak was fixed during the spacewalk. Preliminary testing showed the AMS was responding as expected.<a href="#cite_note-:1-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>

Ground teams worked to fill the new AMS thermal control system with <a href="Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, allowed the system to stabilize, and powered on the pumps to verify and optimize their performance. The tracker, one of several detectors on the AMS, began collecting science data again before the end of the week after the spacewalk.<a href="#cite_note-:1-52">[52]</a>

The astronauts also completed an additional task to remove degraded lens filters on two high-definition video cameras.<a href="#cite_note-:1-52">[52]</a>

The duration of the spacewalk was 6 hours and 16 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-:1-52">[52]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2></div>

<ul><li>Mass: 7,500 kilograms (16,500 lb)</li>

<li>Structural material: Stainless steel</li>

<li>Power: 2,500 W</li>

<li>Internal data rate: 7 Gbit/s</li>

<li>Data rate to ground: 2 Mbit/s (typical, average)<a href="#cite_note-ams-facts-figures-54">[54]</a></li>

<li>Primary mission duration: 10 to 18 years</li>

<li>Design life: 3 years.<a href="#cite_note-AMS-repair-45">[45]</a></li>

<li>Magnetic field intensity: 0.15 <a href="Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">tesla</a> produced by a 1,200 kg (2,600 lb) permanent <a href="Neodymium_magnet" title="Neodymium magnet">neodymium magnet</a><a href="#cite_note-ams-facts-figures-54">[54]</a></li>

<li>Original superconducting magnet: 2 coils of <a href="Niobium-titanium" class="mw-redirect" title="Niobium-titanium">niobium-titanium</a> at 1.8 K producing a central field of 0.87 <a href="Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">tesla</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> (not used in the actual device)</li>

<li>AMS-02 flight magnet changed to non-superconducting AMS-01 version to extend experiment life and to solve reliability problems in the operation of the superconducting system</li></ul>

About 1,000 cosmic rays are recorded by the instrument per second, generating about one <a href="Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB/s</a> of data. This data is filtered and compressed to about 300 kbit/s for download to the operation center POCC at CERN.

A mockup of the machine is present inside the operations center at CERN.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div>

The detector module consists of a series of detectors that are used to determine various characteristics of the radiation and particles as they pass through. Characteristics are determined only for particles that pass through from top to bottom. Particles that enter the detector at any other angles are rejected. From top to bottom the subsystems are identified as:<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Transition_radiation_detector" title="Transition radiation detector">Transition radiation detector</a> measures the velocities of the highest energy particles;</li>

<li>Upper time of flight counter, along with the lower time of flight counter, measures the velocities of lower energy particles;</li>

<li>Star tracker determines the orientation of the module in space;</li>

<li>Silicon tracker (9 disks among 6 locations) measures the coordinates of charged particles in the magnetic field;

<ul><li>Has 4 redundant coolant pumps</li></ul></li>

<li>Permanent magnet bends the path of charged particles so they can be identified;</li>

<li>Anti-coincidence counter rejects stray particles that enter through the sides;</li>

<li><a href="Ring_imaging_Cherenkov_detector" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring imaging Cherenkov detector">Ring imaging Cherenkov detector</a> measures velocity of fast particles with extreme accuracy;</li>

<li>Electromagnetic calorimeter measures the total energy of the particles.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_goals">Scientific goals</h2></div>

The AMS-02 uses the unique environment of space to advance knowledge of the Universe and lead to the understanding of its origin by searching for antimatter, <a href="Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">dark matter</a> and measuring <a href="Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-AMS-02-43">[43]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antimatter">Antimatter</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Antimatter" title="Antimatter">Antimatter</a></div>

Experimental evidence indicates that <a href="Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">our galaxy</a> is made of <a href="Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>; however, scientists believe there are about 100–200 billion galaxies in the observable Universe and some versions of the <a href="Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> theory of the origin of the Universe require equal amounts of matter and antimatter. Theories that explain this apparent asymmetry violate other measurements. Whether or not there is significant antimatter is one of the fundamental questions of the origin and nature of the Universe. Any observations of an <a href="Antihelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihelium">antihelium</a> nucleus would provide evidence for the existence of antimatter in space. In 1999, AMS-01 established a new upper limit of 10−6 for the antihelium/helium flux ratio in the Universe. AMS-02 was designed to search with a sensitivity of 10−9,<a href="#cite_note-Battiston2008-19">[19]</a> an improvement of three orders of magnitude over AMS-01, sufficient to reach the edge of the expanding Universe and resolve the issue definitively.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dark_matter">Dark matter</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">Dark matter</a></div>

The visible matter in the Universe, such as stars, adds up to less than 5 percent of the total mass that is known to exist from many other observations. The other 95 percent is dark, either dark matter, which is estimated at 20 percent of the Universe by weight, or <a href="Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">dark energy</a>, which makes up the balance. The exact nature of both still is unknown. One of the leading candidates for dark matter is the <a href="Neutralino" title="Neutralino">neutralino</a>. If neutralinos exist, they should be colliding with each other and giving off an excess of charged particles that can be detected by AMS-02. Any peaks in the background <a href="Positron" title="Positron">positron</a>, <a href="Antiproton" title="Antiproton">antiproton</a>, or <a href="Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a> flux could signal the presence of neutralinos or other dark matter candidates, but would need to be distinguished from poorly known <a href="Confounding" title="Confounding">confounding</a> astrophysical signals.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strangelets">Strangelets</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Strangelet" title="Strangelet">Strangelet</a></div>

Six types of <a href="Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a> (<a href="Up_quark" title="Up quark">up</a>, <a href="Down_quark" title="Down quark">down</a>, <a href="Strange_quark" title="Strange quark">strange</a>, <a href="Charm_quark" title="Charm quark">charm</a>, <a href="Bottom_quark" title="Bottom quark">bottom</a> and <a href="Top_quark" title="Top quark">top</a>) have been found experimentally; however, the majority of matter on Earth is made up of only up and down quarks. It is a fundamental question whether there exists stable matter made up of strange quarks in combination with up and down quarks. Particles of such matter are known as <a href="Strangelet" title="Strangelet">strangelets</a>. Strangelets might have extremely large mass and very small charge-to-mass ratios. It would be a totally new form of matter. AMS-02 may determine whether this extraordinary matter exists in our local environment.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_radiation_environment">Space radiation environment</h3></div>

<a href="Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic radiation</a> during transit is a significant obstacle to <a href="Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">sending humans to Mars</a>. Accurate measurements of the cosmic ray environment are needed to plan appropriate countermeasures. Most cosmic ray studies are done by balloon-borne instruments with flight times that are measured in days; these studies have shown significant variations. AMS-02 operates on the <a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a>, gathering a large amount of accurate data and allowing measurements of the long term variation of the cosmic ray flux over a wide energy range, for nuclei from <a href="Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> to <a href="Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>. In addition to understanding the radiation protection required for astronauts during <a href="Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">interplanetary flight</a>, this data will allow the interstellar propagation and origins of cosmic rays to be identified.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2></div>

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By late 2016, it was reported that AMS-02 had observed over 90 billion cosmic rays.<a href="#cite_note-AMS02-2016-10">[10]</a>

In February 2013, Samuel Ting reported that in its first 18 months of operation AMS had recorded 25 billion particle events including nearly eight billion fast electrons and positrons.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_2013-02-18-57">[57]</a> The AMS paper reported the positron-electron ratio in the mass range of 0.5 to 350 <a href="GeV" class="mw-redirect" title="GeV">GeV</a>, providing evidence about the <a href="Weakly_interacting_massive_particle" title="Weakly interacting massive particle">weakly interacting massive particle</a> (WIMP) model of dark matter.

On March 30, 2013, the first results from the AMS experiment were announced by the <a href="CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> press office.<a href="#cite_note-physrevltrs413-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-AMS-20130403-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP-20130403-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-20130403-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20130403-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20130403-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-First_result_from_the_AMS_experiment-58">[58]</a> The first physics results were published in <a href="Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a> on April 3, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-physrevltrs413-11">[11]</a> A total of 6.8 million <a href="Positron" title="Positron">positron</a> and <a href="Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> events were collected in the energy range from 0.5 to 350 GeV. The positron fraction (of the total electron plus positron events) steadily increased from energies of 10 to 250 GeV, but the slope decreased by an order of magnitude above 20 GeV, even though the fraction of positrons still increased. There was no fine structure in the positron fraction spectrum, and no <a href="Anisotropies" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisotropies">anisotropies</a> were observed. The accompanying Physics Viewpoint<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> said that "The first results from the space-borne Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer confirm an unexplained excess of high-energy positrons in Earth-bound cosmic rays." These results are consistent with the positrons originating from the annihilation of dark matter particles in space, but not yet sufficiently conclusive to rule out other explanations. Ting said "Over the coming months, AMS will be able to tell us conclusively whether these positrons are a signal for dark matter, or whether they have some other origin."<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>

On September 18, 2014, new results with almost twice as much data were presented in a talk at CERN and published in Physical Review Letters.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> A new measurement of positron fraction up to 500 GeV was reported, showing that positron fraction peaks at a maximum of about 16% of total electron+positron events, around an energy of 275 ± 32 GeV. At higher energies, up to 500 GeV, the ratio of positrons to electrons begins to fall again.

The AMS team presented for 3 days at CERN in April 2015, covering new data on 300 million proton events and helium flux.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> It revealed in December 2016 that it had discovered a few signals consistent with antihelium nuclei amidst several billion helium nuclei. The result remains to be verified, and the team is currently trying to rule out possible contamination.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>

A study from 2019, using data from NASA's <a href="Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope</a> discovered a halo around the nearby <a href="Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsar</a> <a href="Geminga" title="Geminga">Geminga</a>. The accelerated electrons and positrons collide with nearby starlight. The collision boosts the light to much higher energies. Geminga alone could be responsible for as much as 20% of the high-energy positrons seen by the AMS-02 experiment.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The AMS-02 on the ISS has, as of 2021, recorded eight events that seem to indicate the detection of antihelium-3.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>

Over a twelve-year period aboard the ISS, the AMS has accumulated a dataset of more than 230 billion cosmic rays, spanning energies reaching multi-TeV levels. The precise measurements obtained by the magnetic spectrometer enable data presentation with an accuracy approaching ~1%. Particularly significant is the <a href="High-energy_nuclear_physics" title="High-energy nuclear physics">high-energy</a> data regarding elementary particles such as electrons, positrons, protons, and antiprotons, which presents challenges to theoretical frameworks. Additionally, observations of nuclei and <a href="Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> reveal energy dependencies that deviate from theoretical predictions. In a presentation at the 2024 APS April meeting, the AMS collaboration argued that the dataset they have collected necessitates a reevaluation of existing models of the cosmos.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a>

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<ul><li><a href="List_of_space_telescopes" title="List of space telescopes">List of space telescopes</a> (Astronomical Space Observatories)</li>

<li><a href="Payload_for_Antimatter_Matter_Exploration_and_Light-nuclei_Astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics">Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics</a> (PAMELA) – an Italian-international cosmic ray mission launched in 2006 with similar goals</li>

<li><a href="Scientific_research_on_the_ISS" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific research on the ISS">Scientific research on the ISS</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ams-02project.jsc.nasa.gov/html/Projectpage.htm">AMS project page</a>. <a href="National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a>.</cite>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFAMS_Collaboration2010" class="citation journal cs1">AMS Collaboration (2010). "Relative Composition and Energy Spectra of Light Nuclei in Cosmic Rays. Results from AMS-01". Astrophys. J. 724 (1): 329–340. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1008.5051">1008.5051</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...724..329A">2010ApJ...724..329A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F724%2F1%2F329">10.1088/0004-637X/724/1/329</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15550326">15550326</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFAMS_Collaboration2007" class="citation journal cs1">AMS Collaboration (2007). "Cosmic-ray positron fraction measurement from 1 to 30-GeV with AMS-01". Phys. Lett. B. 646 (4): 145–154. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0703154">astro-ph/0703154</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhLB..646..145A">2007PhLB..646..145A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physletb.2007.01.024">10.1016/j.physletb.2007.01.024</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14042669">14042669</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFAMS_Collaboration2005" class="citation journal cs1">AMS Collaboration (2005). "A study of cosmic-ray secondaries induced by the MIR Space Station using AMS-01". Nuclear Instruments and Methods B. 234 (3): 321–332. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/0406065">hep-ex/0406065</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005NIMPB.234..321A">2005NIMPB.234..321A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nimb.2005.01.015">10.1016/j.nimb.2005.01.015</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119501638">119501638</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFAMS_Collaboration2002" class="citation journal cs1">AMS Collaboration (2002). "The AMS on the ISS. Part I - Results from the test flight on the Space Shuttle". Physics Reports. 366 (6): 331–405. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PhR...366..331A">2002PhR...366..331A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0370-1573%2802%2900013-3">10.1016/S0370-1573(02)00013-3</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2078.1%2F72661">2078.1/72661</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122726107">122726107</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFAMS_Collaboration2000" class="citation journal cs1">AMS Collaboration (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:44042">"Helium in near Earth orbit"</a>. Phys. Lett. B. 494 (3–4): 193–202. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhLB..494..193A">2000PhLB..494..193A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0370-2693%2800%2901193-X">10.1016/S0370-2693(00)01193-X</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFAMS_Collaboration2000" class="citation journal cs1">AMS Collaboration (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:43952">"Cosmic Protons"</a>. Phys. Lett. B. 490 (1–2): 27–35. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhLB..490...27A">2000PhLB..490...27A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0370-2693%2800%2900970-9">10.1016/S0370-2693(00)00970-9</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFAMS_Collaboration2000" class="citation journal cs1">AMS Collaboration (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hal.in2p3.fr/in2p3-00005529/file/democrite-00005529.pdf">"Leptons in near earth orbit"</a> (PDF). Phys. Lett. B. 484 (1–2): 10–22. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhLB..484...10A">2000PhLB..484...10A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0370-2693%2800%2900588-8">10.1016/S0370-2693(00)00588-8</a>.</cite></li>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFAMS_Collaboration1999" class="citation journal cs1">AMS Collaboration (1999). "Search for anti-helium in cosmic rays". Phys. Lett. B. 461 (4): 387–396. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/0002048">hep-ex/0002048</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PhLB..461..387A">1999PhLB..461..387A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0370-2693%2899%2900874-6">10.1016/S0370-2693(99)00874-6</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119401739">119401739</a>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFSandweiss2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sandweiss, J. (2004). "Overview of strangelet searches and Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer: when will we stop searching?". Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics. 30 (1): S51 – S59. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JPhG...30S..51S">2004JPhG...30S..51S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0954-3899%2F30%2F1%2F004">10.1088/0954-3899/30/1/004</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alpha_Magnetic_Spectrometer" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer">Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ams02.space/">AMS Collaboration Homepage</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ams.cern.ch/">AMS Homepage</a> at <a href="CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>. Inc. construction diagrams</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ams-02project.jsc.nasa.gov/index.htm">AMS Homepage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090730145334/http://ams-02project.jsc.nasa.gov/index.htm">Archived</a> July 30, 2009, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090816041406/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/science/experiments/AMS-02.html">NASA AMS-02 Project Fact Sheet</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ams.nasa.gov/index.html">NASA AMS-02 Project Home Page</a> with real-time cosmic ray count</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ams-02project.jsc.nasa.gov/Videos/STS134%20no%20sound%20-2.mov">An animated movie of the STS-134 mission showing the installation of AMS-02 (72 MB)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511205306/http://ams-02project.jsc.nasa.gov/Videos/STS134%20no%20sound%20-2.mov">Archived</a> May 11, 2011, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Alpha-Magnetic-Spectrometer-AMS-02/61514694953">Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer – image collection – AMS-02 on Facebook </a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/17/science/space/17dark.html">A Costly Quest for the Dark Heart of the Cosmos (New York Times, 16 November 2010)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.route-to-space.eu/index.php/en/projects/alpha-magnetic-spectrometer">Route To Space Alliance – European Transport for The Space and Aeronautic Industries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220117022853/http://www.route-to-space.eu/index.php/en/projects/alpha-magnetic-spectrometer">Archived</a> January 17, 2022, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li>Record for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inspirehep.net/experiments/1401304">AMS-02</a> experiment on <a href="INSPIRE-HEP" title="INSPIRE-HEP">INSPIRE-HEP</a></li>

<li>Record for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inspirehep.net/experiments/1110577">AMS-01</a> experiment on <a href="INSPIRE-HEP" title="INSPIRE-HEP">INSPIRE-HEP</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Components_of_the_International_Space_Station252" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Components of the <a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbiting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">Russian Segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nauka_(ISS_module)" title="Nauka (ISS module)">Nauka</a></li>

<li><a href="Poisk_(ISS_module)" title="Poisk (ISS module)">Poisk</a></li>

<li><a href="Prichal_(ISS_module)" title="Prichal (ISS module)">Prichal</a></li>

<li><a href="Rassvet_(ISS_module)" title="Rassvet (ISS module)">Rassvet</a></li>

<li><a href="Zarya_(ISS_module)" title="Zarya (ISS module)">Zarya</a></li>

<li><a href="Zvezda_(ISS_module)" title="Zvezda (ISS module)">Zvezda</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="US_Orbital_Segment" title="US Orbital Segment">US Segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a></li>

<li><a href="Cupola_(ISS_module)" title="Cupola (ISS module)">Cupola</a></li>

<li><a href="Destiny_(ISS_module)" title="Destiny (ISS module)">Destiny</a></li>

<li><a href="Harmony_(ISS_module)" title="Harmony (ISS module)">Harmony</a></li>

<li><a href="Leonardo_(ISS_module)" title="Leonardo (ISS module)">Leonardo</a></li>

<li><a href="Quest_Joint_Airlock" title="Quest Joint Airlock">Quest airlock</a></li>

<li><a href="Tranquility_(ISS_module)" title="Tranquility (ISS module)">Tranquility</a></li>

<li><a href="Unity_(ISS_module)" title="Unity (ISS module)">Unity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Subsystems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nanoracks_Bishop_Airlock" title="Nanoracks Bishop Airlock">Bishop airlock</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_system_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Electrical system of the International Space Station">Electrical System</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Robotic_Arm" title="European Robotic Arm">European Robotic Arm</a></li>

<li><a href="External_Stowage_Platform" class="mw-redirect" title="External Stowage Platform">External Stowage Platforms</a></li>

<li><a href="ExPRESS_Logistics_Carrier" title="ExPRESS Logistics Carrier">ExPRESS Logistics Carriers</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Docking_Adapter" title="International Docking Adapter">International Docking Adapters</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_Truss_Structure" title="Integrated Truss Structure">Integrated Truss Structure</a></li>

<li><a href="ISS_ECLSS" title="ISS ECLSS">Life Support System</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_Servicing_System" title="Mobile Servicing System">Mobile Servicing System</a>

<ul><li><a href="Canadarm2" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadarm2">Canadarm2</a></li>

<li><a href="Dextre" title="Dextre">Dextre</a></li>

<li><a href="Orbiter_Boom_Sensor_System" title="Orbiter Boom Sensor System">Boom Assembly</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pressurized_Mating_Adapter" title="Pressurized Mating Adapter">Pressurized Mating Adapters</a></li>

<li><a href="Strela_(crane)" title="Strela (crane)">Strela</a> cranes</li>

<li><a href="Window_Observational_Research_Facility" title="Window Observational Research Facility">Window Observational Research Facility</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Experimental devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Calorimetric_Electron_Telescope" title="Calorimetric Electron Telescope">CALET</a></li>

<li><a href="Cosmic_Ray_Energetics_and_Mass_Experiment" title="Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass Experiment">ISS-CREAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Neutron_Star_Interior_Composition_Explorer" title="Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer">NICER</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Majorcomponents21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Major components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Planned7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Axiom_Station#PPTM" title="Axiom Station">Axiom PPTM</a></li>

<li><a href="US_Deorbit_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="US Deorbit Vehicle">US Deorbit Vehicle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spare hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Multi-Purpose_Logistics_Module" title="Multi-Purpose Logistics Module">Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules</a></li>

<li><a href="Interim_Control_Module" title="Interim Control Module">Interim Control Module</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ISS_Propulsion_Module" title="ISS Propulsion Module">Propulsion Module</a></li>

<li><a href="Centrifuge_Accommodations_Module" title="Centrifuge Accommodations Module">Centrifuge Accommodations Module</a></li>

<li><a href="Habitation_Module" title="Habitation Module">Habitation Module</a></li>

<li><a href="Crew_Return_Vehicle" title="Crew Return Vehicle">Crew Return Vehicle</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_Power_Platform" title="Science Power Platform">Science Power Platform</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Docking_Module" title="Universal Docking Module">Universal Docking Module</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Research_Module" title="Russian Research Module">Russian Research Module</a></li>

<li><a href="Science-Power_Module-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Science-Power Module-1">Science Power Module</a></li>

<li><a href="Expandable_Bigelow_Advanced_Station_Enhancement" class="mw-redirect" title="Expandable Bigelow Advanced Station Enhancement">XBASE</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Manufacturing_of_the_International_Space_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing of the International Space Station">Manufacturing of the ISS</a></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Assembly of the International Space Station">Assembly of the ISS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Space_telescopes302" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Space_telescopes302" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescopes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">Radio and Microwave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chang'e_4#Science_payloads" title="Chang'e 4">NCLE</a> (since 2018)</li>

<li><a href="Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> (since 2020)</li>

<li><a href="STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> (since 2006)</li>

<li><a href="Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a> (since 2018)</li>

<li><a href="Wind_(spacecraft)" title="Wind (spacecraft)">Wind</a> (since 1994)</li>

<li><a href="Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao 2</a> (since 2024)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Infrared_telescope" title="Infrared telescope">Infrared</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Odin_(satellite)" title="Odin (satellite)">Odin</a> (since 2001)</li>

<li><a href="James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb</a> (since 2022)</li>

<li><a href="SPHEREx" title="SPHEREx">SPHEREx</a> (since 2025)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Optical_telescope" title="Optical telescope">Optical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stars-AO" title="Stars-AO">Aoi</a> (since 2018)</li>

<li><a href="Astrosat" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a> (since 2015)</li>

<li><a href="BRITE" title="BRITE">BRITE</a> constellation (since 2013)</li>

<li><a href="Chinese_H-alpha_Solar_Explorer" title="Chinese H-alpha Solar Explorer">CHASE</a> (since 2021)</li>

<li><a href="CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a> (since 2019)</li>

<li><a href="Deep_Space_Climate_Observatory" title="Deep Space Climate Observatory">DSCOVR</a> (since 2015)</li>

<li><a href="Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a> (since 2023)</li>

<li><a href="Hayabusa2#Mission_extension" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a> (since 2021)</li>

<li><a href="HiRISE" title="HiRISE">HiRISE</a> (since 2005)</li>

<li><a href="Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble</a> (since 1990)</li>

<li><a href="Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)">Hinode (Solar-B)</a> (since 2006)</li>

<li><a href="Near_Earth_Object_Surveillance_Satellite" title="Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite">NEOSSat</a> (since 2013)</li>

<li><a href="Odin_(satellite)" title="Odin (satellite)">Odin</a> (since 2001)</li>

<li><a href="Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">SDO</a> (since 2010)</li>

<li><a href="Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> (since 1995)</li>

<li><a href="Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a> (since 2004)</li>

<li><a href="Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">TESS</a> (since 2018)</li>

<li><a href="PROBA-3" title="PROBA-3">PROBA-3</a> (since 2024)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ultraviolet_astronomy" title="Ultraviolet astronomy">Ultraviolet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a> (since 2023)</li>

<li><a href="Advanced_Space-based_Solar_Observatory" title="Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory">ASO-S</a> (since 2022)</li>

<li><a href="Astrosat" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a> (since 2015)</li>

<li><a href="Hibari_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibari (satellite)">Hibari</a> (since 2021)</li>

<li><a href="Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)">Hinode (Solar-B)</a> (since 2006)</li>

<li><a href="Interface_Region_Imaging_Spectrograph" title="Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph">IRIS</a> (since 2013)</li>

<li><a href="Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">SDO</a> (since 2010)</li>

<li><a href="Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> (since 1995)</li>

<li><a href="Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> (since 2020)</li>

<li><a href="STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> (since 2006)</li>

<li><a href="Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a> (since 2004)</li>

<li><a href="PROBA-3" title="PROBA-3">PROBA-3</a> (since 2024)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="X-ray_astronomy" title="X-ray astronomy">X-ray</a> and <a href="Gamma-ray_astronomy" title="Gamma-ray astronomy">Gamma-ray</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Calorimetric_Electron_Telescope" title="Calorimetric Electron Telescope">CALET</a> (since 2015)</li>

<li><a href="Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra (AXAF)</a> (since 1999)</li>

<li><a href="Dark_Matter_Particle_Explorer" title="Dark Matter Particle Explorer">DAMPE</a> (since 2015)</li>

<li><a href="Einstein_Probe" title="Einstein Probe">Einstein Probe</a> (since 2024)</li>

<li><a href="Hard_X-ray_Modulation_Telescope" title="Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope">HXMT (Insight)</a> (since 2017)</li>

<li><a href="Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi</a> (since 2008)</li>

<li><a href="Gravitational_Wave_High-energy_Electromagnetic_Counterpart_All-sky_Monitor" title="Gravitational Wave High-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor">GECAM</a> (since 2020)</li>

<li><a href="IXPE" title="IXPE">IXPE</a> (since 2021)</li>

<li><a href="Spektr-RG" title="Spektr-RG">Spektr-RG</a> (since 2019)</li>

<li><a href="Space_Variable_Objects_Monitor" title="Space Variable Objects Monitor">SVOM</a> (since 2024)</li>

<li><a href="Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a> (since 2004)</li>

<li><a href="Max_Valier_(satellite)" title="Max Valier (satellite)">Max Valier Sat</a> (since 2017)</li>

<li><a href="MAXI_(ISS_Experiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="MAXI (ISS Experiment)">MAXI</a> (since 2009)</li>

<li><a href="Miniature_X-ray_Solar_Spectrometer_CubeSat" title="Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat">MinXSS-2</a> (since 2018)</li>

<li><a href="Neutron_Star_Interior_Composition_Explorer" title="Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer">NICER</a> (since 2017)</li>

<li><a href="NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a> (since 2012)</li>

<li><a href="Lobster_Eye_Imager_for_Astronomy" title="Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy">LEIA</a> (since 2022)</li>

<li><a href="X-Ray_Imaging_and_Spectroscopy_Mission" title="X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission">XRISM</a> (since 2023)</li>

<li><a href="XPoSat" title="XPoSat">XPoSat</a> (since 2024)</li>

<li><a href="XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a> (since 1999)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other (particle or unclassified)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Advanced_Composition_Explorer" title="Advanced Composition Explorer">ACE</a> (since 1997)</li>

<li> (since 2011)</li>

<li><a href="Calorimetric_Electron_Telescope" title="Calorimetric Electron Telescope">CALET</a> (since 2015)</li>

<li><a href="Dark_Matter_Particle_Explorer" title="Dark Matter Particle Explorer">DAMPE</a> (since 2015)</li>

<li><a href="Interstellar_Boundary_Explorer" title="Interstellar Boundary Explorer">IBEX</a> (since 2008)</li>

<li><a href="Cosmic_Ray_Energetics_and_Mass_Experiment#ISS-CREAM" title="Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass Experiment">ISS-CREAM</a> (since 2017)</li>

<li><a href="JEM-EUSO" title="JEM-EUSO">Mini-EUSO</a> (since 2019)</li>

<li><a href="Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> (since 1995)</li>

<li><a href="Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> (since 2020)</li>

<li><a href="STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> (since 2006)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="PETREL" title="PETREL">PETREL</a> (2025)</li>

<li><a href="Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a> (2026)</li>

<li><a href="PLATO_(spacecraft)" title="PLATO (spacecraft)">PLATO</a> (2026)</li>

<li><a href="Xuntian" title="Xuntian">Xuntian</a> (2026)</li>

<li><a href="NEO_Surveyor" title="NEO Surveyor">NEO Surveyor</a> (2027)</li>

<li><a href="JASMINE_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="JASMINE (satellite)">JASMINE</a> (2028)</li>

<li><a href="Solar-C_EUVST" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar-C EUVST">Solar-C EUVST</a> (2028)</li>

<li><a href="ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a> (2029)</li>

<li><a href="Spektr-UV" title="Spektr-UV">Spektr-UV</a> (2030)</li>

<li><a href="Spektr-M" title="Spektr-M">Spektr-M</a> (2030+)</li>

<li><a href="LiteBIRD" title="LiteBIRD">LiteBIRD</a> (2032)</li>

<li><a href="Taiji_Program_in_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiji Program in Space">Taiji</a> (2033)</li>

<li><a href="Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">Athena</a> (2035)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_proposed_space_observatories" class="mw-redirect" title="List of proposed space observatories">Proposed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arcus_(satellite)" title="Arcus (satellite)">Arcus</a></li>

<li>Astro-1 Telescope</li>

<li><a href="AstroSat-2" title="AstroSat-2">AstroSat-2</a></li>

<li><a href="Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li>

<li><a href="Fresnel_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresnel Imager">Fresnel Imager</a></li>

<li><a href="FOCAL_(spacecraft)" title="FOCAL (spacecraft)">FOCAL</a></li>

<li><a href="Habitable_Exoplanets_Observatory" title="Habitable Exoplanets Observatory">HabEx</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypertelescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertelescope">Hypertelescope</a></li>

<li><a href="Large_Ultraviolet_Optical_Infrared_Surveyor" title="Large Ultraviolet Optical Infrared Surveyor">LUVOIR</a></li>

<li><a href="Nano-JASMINE" title="Nano-JASMINE">Nano-JASMINE</a></li>

<li><a href="Nautilus_Deep_Space_Observatory" title="Nautilus Deep Space Observatory">Nautilus Deep Space Observatory</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Worlds_Mission" title="New Worlds Mission">New Worlds Mission</a></li>

<li><a href="2012_National_Reconnaissance_Office_space_telescope_donation_to_NASA" title="2012 National Reconnaissance Office space telescope donation to NASA">NRO donation to NASA</a></li>

<li><a href="Orbiting_Binary_Black_Hole_Investigation_Satellite" title="Orbiting Binary Black Hole Investigation Satellite">ORBIS</a></li>

<li><a href="FOXSI_Sounding_Rocket" title="FOXSI Sounding Rocket">PhoENiX</a></li>

<li>Solar-D</li>

<li><a href="Space_Solar_Telescope" title="Space Solar Telescope">Space Solar Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="Telescope_for_Habitable_Exoplanets_and_Interstellar/Intergalactic_Astronomy" title="Telescope for Habitable Exoplanets and Interstellar/Intergalactic Astronomy">THEIA</a></li>

<li><a href="THESEUS_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="THESEUS (satellite)">THESEUS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AGILE_(satellite)" title="AGILE (satellite)">AGILE</a> (2007–2024)</li>

<li><a href="Akari_(satellite)" title="Akari (satellite)">Akari (Astro-F)</a> (2006–2011)</li>

<li><a href="Array_of_Low_Energy_X-ray_Imaging_Sensors" title="Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors">ALEXIS</a> (1993–2005)</li>

<li><a href="Alouette_1" title="Alouette 1">Alouette 1</a> (1962–1972)</li>

<li><a href="Ariel_1" title="Ariel 1">Ariel 1</a> (1962, 1964)</li>

<li><a href="Ariel_2" title="Ariel 2">Ariel 2</a> (1964)</li>

<li><a href="Ariel_3" title="Ariel 3">Ariel 3</a> (1967–1969)</li>

<li><a href="Ariel_4" title="Ariel 4">Ariel 4</a> (1971–1972)</li>

<li><a href="Ariel_5" title="Ariel 5">Ariel 5</a> (1974–1980)</li>

<li><a href="Ariel_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariel 6">Ariel 6</a> (1979–1982)</li>

<li><a href="ASTERIA_(spacecraft)" title="ASTERIA (spacecraft)">ASTERIA</a> (2017–2019)</li>

<li><a href="Advanced_Satellite_for_Cosmology_and_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics">ASCA (Astro-D)</a> (1993–2000)</li>

<li><a href="STS-35" title="STS-35">Astro-1</a> (1990)

<ul><li><a href="Broad_Band_X-ray_Telescope" title="Broad Band X-ray Telescope">BBXRT</a></li>

<li><a href="STS-67" title="STS-67">Astro-2</a> (<a href="Hopkins_Ultraviolet_Telescope" title="Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope">HUT</a>) (1995)</li>

<li><a href="Astron_(spacecraft)" title="Astron (spacecraft)">Astron</a> (1983–1991)</li>

<li><a href="BeppoSAX" title="BeppoSAX">BeppoSAX</a> (1996–2003)</li>

<li><a href="CHIPSat" class="mw-redirect" title="CHIPSat">CHIPSat</a> (2003–2008)</li>

<li><a href="Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory" title="Compton Gamma Ray Observatory">Compton (CGRO)</a> (1991–2000)</li>

<li><a href="CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a> (2006–2013)</li>

<li><a href="EPOXI#EPOCh" title="EPOXI">EPOCh</a> (2008)</li>

<li><a href="EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a> (2010)</li>

<li><a href="Explorer_11" title="Explorer 11">Explorer 11</a> (1961)</li>

<li><a href="EXOSAT" title="EXOSAT">EXOSAT</a> (1983–1986)</li>

<li><a href="GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a> (2003–2013)</li>

<li><a href="Gamma_(satellite)" title="Gamma (satellite)">Gamma</a> (1990–1992)</li>

<li><a href="Ginga_(satellite)" title="Ginga (satellite)">Ginga (Astro-C)</a> (1987–1991)</li>

<li><a href="Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a> (1989–1998)</li>

<li><a href="Hakucho" title="Hakucho">Hakucho (CORSA-b)</a> (1979–1985)</li>

<li><a href="HALCA" title="HALCA">HALCA (MUSES-B)</a> (1997–2005)</li>

<li><a href="Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a> (2009–2013)</li>

<li><a href="Hinotori_(satellite)" title="Hinotori (satellite)">Hinotori (Astro-A)</a> (1981–1991)</li>

<li><a href="Hisaki_(satellite)" title="Hisaki (satellite)">Hisaki (SPRINT-A)</a> (2013–2023)</li>

<li><a href="Einstein_Observatory" title="Einstein Observatory">HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.)</a> (1978–1982)</li>

<li><a href="Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a> (1989–1993)</li>

<li><a href="INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a> (2002–2025)</li>

<li><a href="Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a> (2009–2018)</li>

<li><a href="Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a> (1990–2001)</li>

<li><a href="Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1">Kvant-1</a> (1987–2001)</li>

<li><a href="LEGRI" title="LEGRI">LEGRI</a> (1997–2002)</li>

<li><a href="LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a> (2015–2017)</li>

<li><a href="Miniature_X-ray_Solar_Spectrometer_CubeSat" title="Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat">MinXSS</a> (2015–2017)</li>

<li><a href="Mikhailo_Lomonosov_(satellite)" title="Mikhailo Lomonosov (satellite)">Mikhailo Lomonosov</a> (2016–2019?)</li>

<li><a href="Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory#OAO-3_(Copernicus)" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory">OAO-3 (Copernicus)</a> (1972–1981)</li>

<li><a href="Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory">Orbiting Solar Observatory</a>

<li><a href="Orion_(space_telescope)" title="Orion (space telescope)">Orion 1</a> (1971)</li>

<li><a href="Orion_(space_telescope)" title="Orion (space telescope)">Orion 2</a> (1973)</li>

<li><a href="PAMELA_detector" title="PAMELA detector">PAMELA</a> (2006–2016)</li>

<li><a href="PicSat" title="PicSat">PicSat</a> (2018)</li>

<li><a href="Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a> (2009–2013)</li>

<li><a href="RELIKT-1" title="RELIKT-1">RELIKT-1</a> (1983–1984)</li>

<li><a href="Reuven_Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" title="Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">R/HESSI</a> (2002–2018)</li>

<li><a href="ROSAT" title="ROSAT">ROSAT</a> (1990–1999)</li>

<li><a href="Solar_Anomalous_and_Magnetospheric_Particle_Explorer" title="Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer">SAMPEX</a> (1992–2004)</li>

<li><a href="SOLAR_(ISS)" title="SOLAR (ISS)">SOLAR</a> (2008–2017)</li>

<li><a href="Solwind" title="Solwind">Solwind</a> (1979–1985)</li>

<li><a href="Spektr-R" title="Spektr-R">Spektr-R</a> (2011–2019)</li>

<li><a href="Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer</a> (2003–2020)</li>

<li><a href="Suzaku_(satellite)" title="Suzaku (satellite)">Suzaku (Astro-EII)</a> (2005–2015)</li>

<li><a href="Solar_Radiation_and_Thermospheric_Satellite" title="Solar Radiation and Thermospheric Satellite">Taiyo (SRATS)</a> (1975–1980)</li>

<li><a href="Tenma" title="Tenma">Tenma (Astro-B)</a> (1983–1985)</li>

<li><a href="Uhuru_(satellite)" title="Uhuru (satellite)">Uhuru</a> (1970–1973)</li>

<li><a href="Vanguard_3" title="Vanguard 3">Vanguard 3</a> (1959)</li>

<li><a href="Yohkoh" title="Yohkoh">Yokoh (Solar-A)</a> (1991–2001)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hibernating (Mission completed)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="TRACE" title="TRACE">TRACE</a> (1998–2010)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost/Failed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cosmic_Radiation_Satellite" title="Cosmic Radiation Satellite">CORSA</a> (1976)</li>

<li><a href="ABRIXAS" title="ABRIXAS">ABRIXAS</a> (1999)</li>

<li><a href="Suzaku_(satellite)#ASTRO-E" title="Suzaku (satellite)">Astro-E</a> (2000)</li>

<li><a href="TSUBAME_(satellite)" title="TSUBAME (satellite)">Tsubame</a> (2014–2015)</li>

<li><a href="Hitomi_(satellite)" title="Hitomi (satellite)">Hitomi (Astro-H)</a> (2016)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Aelita_(spacecraft)" title="Aelita (spacecraft)">Aelita</a></li>

<li><a href="Astro-G" title="Astro-G">Astro-G</a></li>

<li><a href="Constellation-X_Observatory" title="Constellation-X Observatory">Constellation-X</a></li>

<li><a href="Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark_Energy_Space_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Energy Space Telescope">Destiny</a></li>

<li><a href="Eddington_(spacecraft)" title="Eddington (spacecraft)">Eddington</a></li>

<li><a href="Fast_Infrared_Exoplanet_Spectroscopy_Survey_Explorer" title="Fast Infrared Exoplanet Spectroscopy Survey Explorer">FINESSE</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentinel_Space_Telescope" title="Sentinel Space Telescope">Sentinel</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Interferometry_Mission" title="Space Interferometry Mission">SIM & SIMlite</a></li>

<li><a href="SPICA_(spacecraft)" title="SPICA (spacecraft)">SPICA</a></li>

<li><a href="Sky_Polarization_Observatory" title="Sky Polarization Observatory">SPOrt</a></li>

<li><a href="TAUVEX" title="TAUVEX">TAUVEX</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_space_telescopes" title="List of space telescopes">List of space telescopes</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_proposed_space_telescopes" title="List of proposed space telescopes">List of proposed space telescopes</a></li>

<li><a href="X-ray_telescope" title="X-ray telescope">X-ray telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_heliophysics_missions" title="List of heliophysics missions">List of heliophysics missions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_planetariums" title="List of planetariums">List of planetariums</a></li>

<li><a href="Hubble_(film)" title="Hubble (film)">Hubble</a> (2010 documentary)</li>

<li><a href="Deep_Sky" title="Deep Sky">Deep Sky</a> (2023 documentary)</li>

<li><a href="Unknown%3A_Cosmic_Time_Machine" title="Unknown: Cosmic Time Machine">Unknown: Cosmic Time Machine</a> (2023 documentary)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category:Space telescopes</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dark_matter398" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Dark_matter398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">Dark matter</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Forms of dark matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baryonic_dark_matter" title="Baryonic dark matter">Baryonic dark matter</a></li>

<li><a href="Cold_dark_matter" title="Cold dark matter">Cold dark matter</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuzzy_cold_dark_matter" title="Fuzzy cold dark matter">Fuzzy cold dark matter</a></li>

<li><a href="Hot_dark_matter" title="Hot dark matter">Hot dark matter</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_dark_matter" title="Light dark matter">Light dark matter</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixed_dark_matter" title="Mixed dark matter">Mixed dark matter</a></li>

<li><a href="Warm_dark_matter" title="Warm dark matter">Warm dark matter</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-interacting_dark_matter" title="Self-interacting dark matter">Self-interacting dark matter</a></li>

<li><a href="Scalar_field_dark_matter" title="Scalar field dark matter">Scalar field dark matter</a></li>

<li><a href="Primordial_black_hole" title="Primordial black hole">Primordial black holes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Hypothetical particles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Axino" title="Axino">Axino</a></li>

<li><a href="Axion" title="Axion">Axion</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark_photon" title="Dark photon">Dark photon</a></li>

<li><a href="Minicharged_particle" title="Minicharged particle">Minicharged particle</a></li>

<li><a href="Neutralino" title="Neutralino">Neutralino</a></li>

<li><a href="Sterile_neutrino" title="Sterile neutrino">Sterile neutrino</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Theories and objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cuspy_halo_problem" title="Cuspy halo problem">Cuspy halo problem</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark_fluid" title="Dark fluid">Dark fluid</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark_galaxy" title="Dark galaxy">Dark galaxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark_globular_cluster" title="Dark globular cluster">Dark globular cluster</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark_matter_halo" title="Dark matter halo">Dark matter halo</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark_radiation" title="Dark radiation">Dark radiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Dwarf_galaxy_problem" title="Dwarf galaxy problem">Dwarf galaxy problem</a></li>

<li><a href="Halo_mass_function" title="Halo mass function">Halo mass function</a></li>

<li>Mass dimension one fermions</li>

<li><a href="Massive_compact_halo_object" title="Massive compact halo object">Massive compact halo object</a></li>

<li><a href="Mirror_matter" title="Mirror matter">Mirror matter</a></li>

<li><a href="Navarro%E2%80%93Frenk%E2%80%93White_profile" title="Navarro–Frenk–White profile">Navarro–Frenk–White profile</a></li>

<li><a href="Scalar_field_dark_matter" title="Scalar field dark matter">Scalar field dark matter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Search experiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Direct detection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ANAIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ANAIS">ANAIS</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryogenic_Low-Energy_Astrophysics_with_Neon" title="Cryogenic Low-Energy Astrophysics with Neon">CLEAN</a></li>

<li><a href="CoGeNT" title="CoGeNT">CoGeNT</a></li>

<li><a href="Korea_Invisible_Mass_Search#COSINE" title="Korea Invisible Mass Search">COSINE</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryogenic_Observatory_for_Signatures_Seen_in_Next-Generation_Underground_Searches" title="Cryogenic Observatory for Signatures Seen in Next-Generation Underground Searches">COSINUS</a></li>

<li><a href="PICO" title="PICO">COUPP</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryogenic_Rare_Event_Search_with_Superconducting_Thermometers" title="Cryogenic Rare Event Search with Superconducting Thermometers">CRESST</a></li>

<li><a href="CUORE" title="CUORE">CUORE</a></li>

<li><a href="DAMA/LIBRA" title="DAMA/LIBRA">DAMA/LIBRA</a></li>

<li>DAMIC</li>

<li><a href="DarkSide_(dark_matter_experiment)" title="DarkSide (dark matter experiment)">DarkSide</a></li>

<li>DARWIN</li>

<li><a href="Dark_Matter_Time_Projection_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Matter Time Projection Chamber">DMTPC</a></li>

<li><a href="Directional_Recoil_Identification_from_Tracks" title="Directional Recoil Identification from Tracks">DRIFT</a></li>

<li><a href="EDELWEISS" title="EDELWEISS">EDELWEISS</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Underground_Rare_Event_Calorimeter_Array" title="European Underground Rare Event Calorimeter Array">EURECA</a></li>

<li><a href="Monopole%2C_Astrophysics_and_Cosmic_Ray_Observatory" title="Monopole, Astrophysics and Cosmic Ray Observatory">MACRO</a></li>

<li>MIMAC</li>

<li><a href="UK_Dark_Matter_Collaboration#Experiments" title="UK Dark Matter Collaboration">NAIAD</a></li>

<li>NEWAGE</li>

<li><a href="PandaX" title="PandaX">PandaX</a></li>

<li><a href="PICO" title="PICO">PICASSO</a></li>

<li><a href="ROSEBUD" class="mw-redirect" title="ROSEBUD">ROSEBUD</a></li>

<li><a href="DAMA/LIBRA#SABRE" title="DAMA/LIBRA">SABRE</a></li>

<li><a href="SIMPLE_(dark_matter_experiment)" title="SIMPLE (dark matter experiment)">SIMPLE</a></li>

<li><a href="UK_Dark_Matter_Collaboration" title="UK Dark Matter Collaboration">UKDMC</a></li>

<li><a href="XENON" title="XENON">XENON</a></li>

<li><a href="XMASS" title="XMASS">XMASS</a></li>

<li><a href="ZEPLIN-III" title="ZEPLIN-III">ZEPLIN</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Indirect detection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="ANTARES_(telescope)" title="ANTARES (telescope)">ANTARES</a></li>

<li><a href="Calorimetric_Electron_Telescope" title="Calorimetric Electron Telescope">CALET</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark_Matter_Particle_Explorer" title="Dark Matter Particle Explorer">DAMPE</a></li>

<li><a href="Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi</a></li>

<li><a href="IceCube_Neutrino_Observatory" title="IceCube Neutrino Observatory">IceCube</a></li>

<li><a href="MAGIC_(telescope)" title="MAGIC (telescope)">MAGIC</a></li>

<li><a href="PAMELA_detector" title="PAMELA detector">PAMELA</a></li>

<li><a href="VERITAS" title="VERITAS">VERITAS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="MultiDark" title="MultiDark">MultiDark</a></li>

<li><a href="PVLAS" title="PVLAS">PVLAS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Potential <a href="Dark_galaxy" title="Dark galaxy">dark galaxies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Smith's_Cloud" title="Smith's Cloud">Smith's Cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="VIRGOHI21" title="VIRGOHI21">VIRGOHI21</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Antimatter" title="Antimatter">Antimatter</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">Dark energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Exotic_matter" title="Exotic matter">Exotic matter</a></li>

<li><a href="Galaxy_formation_and_evolution" title="Galaxy formation and evolution">Galaxy formation and evolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Illustris_project" title="Illustris project">Illustris project</a></li>

<li><a href="Tachyon#Mass" title="Tachyon">Imaginary mass</a></li>

<li><a href="Negative_mass" title="Negative mass">Negative mass</a></li>

<li><a href="UniverseMachine" title="UniverseMachine">UniverseMachine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dark_matter" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Dark matter">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_2010Orbital_launches_in_20112012_→618" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="←_2010Orbital_launches_in_20112012_→618" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="2010_in_spaceflight" title="2010 in spaceflight">← 2010</a></div><a href="2011_in_spaceflight" title="2011 in spaceflight">Orbital launches in 2011</a><div style="float: right;"><a href="2012_in_spaceflight" title="2012 in spaceflight">2012 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Elektro-L_No.1" title="Elektro-L No.1">Elektro-L No.1</a></li>

<li><a href="Kounotori_2" title="Kounotori 2">Kounotori 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Progress_M-09M" title="Progress M-09M">Progress M-09M</a> (<a href="Kedr" title="Kedr">Kedr</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kosmos_2470" title="Kosmos 2470">Kosmos 2470</a></li>

<li><a href="Johannes_Kepler_ATV" title="Johannes Kepler ATV">Johannes Kepler ATV</a></li>

<li><a href="STS-133" title="STS-133">STS-133</a> (<a href="Leonardo_(ISS_module)" title="Leonardo (ISS module)">Leonardo</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_2471" title="Kosmos 2471">Kosmos 2471</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Glory_(satellite)" title="Glory (satellite)">Glory</a>, <a href="Explorer-1_Prime" title="Explorer-1 Prime">Explorer-1 [Prime]</a>, <a href="KySat-1" title="KySat-1">KySat-1</a>, <a href="Hermes_(satellite)" title="Hermes (satellite)">Hermes</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Soyuz_TMA-21" title="Soyuz TMA-21">Soyuz TMA-21</a></li>

<li><a href="Compass-IGSO3" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass-IGSO3">Compass-IGSO3</a></li>

<li><a href="Resourcesat-2" title="Resourcesat-2">Resourcesat-2</a>, <a href="YouthSat" title="YouthSat">YouthSat</a>, <a href="X-Sat" title="X-Sat">X-Sat</a></li>

<li><a href="Yahsat_1A" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahsat 1A">Yahsat 1A</a>, <a href="Intelsat_28" title="Intelsat 28">New Dawn</a></li>

<li><a href="Progress_M-10M" title="Progress M-10M">Progress M-10M</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Meridian_4" title="Meridian 4">Meridian 4</a></li>

<li><a href="Telstar_14R" title="Telstar 14R">Telstar 14R</a></li>

<li><a href="ST-2" title="ST-2">ST-2</a>, <a href="GSAT-8" title="GSAT-8">GSAT-8 / INSAT-4G</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Soyuz_TMA-02M" title="Soyuz TMA-02M">Soyuz TMA-02M</a></li>

<li><a href="Rasad_1" title="Rasad 1">Rasad 1</a></li>

<li><a href="ChinaSat_10" title="ChinaSat 10">ChinaSat 10</a></li>

<li><a href="Progress_M-11M" title="Progress M-11M">Progress M-11M</a></li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_2472" title="Kosmos 2472">Kosmos 2472</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Shijian" title="Shijian">Shijian XI-03</a></li>

<li><a href="STS-135" title="STS-135">STS-135</a> (<a href="Raffaello_MPLM" title="Raffaello MPLM">Raffaello</a>, <a href="PSSC-2" title="PSSC-2">PSSC-2</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Tianlian_I-02" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianlian I-02">Tianlian I-02</a></li>

<li>Globalstar M083, Globalstar M088, Globalstar M091, Globalstar M085, Globalstar M081, Globalstar M089</li>

<li><a href="SES-3" title="SES-3">SES-3</a>, <a href="KazSat-2" title="KazSat-2">KazSat-2</a></li>

<li><a href="Spektr-R" title="Spektr-R">Spektr-R</a></li>

<li><a href="Compass-IGSO4" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass-IGSO4">Compass-IGSO4</a></li>

<li><a href="Shijian" title="Shijian">Shijian XI-02</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Astra_1N" title="Astra 1N">Astra 1N</a>, <a href="BSAT-3c" title="BSAT-3c">BSAT-3c</a>/<a href="JCSAT-110R" class="mw-redirect" title="JCSAT-110R">JCSAT-110R</a></li>

<li><a href="Paksat-1R" title="Paksat-1R">Paksat-1R</a></li>

<li>Sich 2, NigeriaSat-2, NigeriaSat-X, <a href="RASAT" title="RASAT">RASAT</a>, <a href="EduSAT" title="EduSAT">EduSAT</a>, <a href="AprizeSat-5" class="mw-redirect" title="AprizeSat-5">AprizeSat-5</a>, <a href="AprizeSat-6" class="mw-redirect" title="AprizeSat-6">AprizeSat-6</a>, BPA-2</li>

<li><a href="Ekspress-AM4" title="Ekspress-AM4">Ekspress-AM4</a></li>

<li><a href="Shijian" title="Shijian">Shijian XI-04</a></li>

<li><a href="Progress_M-12M" title="Progress M-12M">Progress M-12M</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gravity_Recovery_and_Interior_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory">GRAIL-A</a> , <a href="Gravity_Recovery_and_Interior_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory">GRAIL-B</a></li>

<li>Zhongxing-1A</li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_2473" title="Kosmos 2473">Kosmos 2473</a></li>

<li>Arabsat 5C, <a href="SES-2" title="SES-2">SES-2</a></li>

<li><a href="IGS_Optical_4" class="mw-redirect" title="IGS Optical 4">IGS Optical 4</a></li>

<li>Atlantic Bird 7</li>

<li><a href="TacSat-4" title="TacSat-4">TacSat-4</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiangong-1" title="Tiangong-1">Tiangong-1</a></li>

<li><a href="QuetzSat_1" title="QuetzSat 1">QuetzSat 1</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kosmos_2474" title="Kosmos 2474">Kosmos 2474</a> / <a href="GLONASS-M" title="GLONASS-M">GLONASS-M 742</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelsat_18" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelsat 18">Intelsat 18</a></li>

<li><a href="Eutelsat" title="Eutelsat">Eutelsat 16A</a></li>

<li><a href="Megha-Tropiques" title="Megha-Tropiques">Megha-Tropiques</a>, <a href="SRMSAT" title="SRMSAT">SRMSAT</a>, <a href="VesselSat-1" title="VesselSat-1">VesselSat-1</a>, <a href="Jugnu_(satellite)" title="Jugnu (satellite)">Jugnu</a></li>

<li><a href="ViaSat-1" title="ViaSat-1">ViaSat-1</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Galileo_satellites" title="List of Galileo satellites">Galileo-IOV FM1</a> , <a href="List_of_Galileo_satellites" title="List of Galileo satellites">Galileo-IOV FM2</a></li>

<li><a href="Suomi_NPP" title="Suomi NPP">NPP</a>, <a href="AubieSat-1" title="AubieSat-1">AubieSat-1</a>, <a href="Dynamic_Ionosphere_CubeSat_Experiment" title="Dynamic Ionosphere CubeSat Experiment">DICE-1</a>, <a href="Dynamic_Ionosphere_CubeSat_Experiment" title="Dynamic Ionosphere CubeSat Experiment">DICE-2</a>, <a href="M-Cubed" title="M-Cubed">M-Cubed</a>, <a href="RAX-2" title="RAX-2">RAX-2</a></li>

<li><a href="Progress_M-13M" title="Progress M-13M">Progress M-13M</a></li>

<li><a href="Shenzhou_8" title="Shenzhou 8">Shenzhou 8</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kosmos_2475" title="Kosmos 2475">Kosmos 2475</a> , <a href="Kosmos_2476" title="Kosmos 2476">Kosmos 2476</a> , <a href="Kosmos_2477" title="Kosmos 2477">Kosmos 2477</a></li>

<li><a href="Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> , <a href="Yinghuo-1" title="Yinghuo-1">Yinghuo-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 12</a> , Tian Xun-1</li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TMA-22" title="Soyuz TMA-22">Soyuz TMA-22</a></li>

<li>Shiyan Weixing 4 , Chuang Xin 1C</li>

<li><a href="AsiaSat_7" title="AsiaSat 7">AsiaSat 7</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> (<a href="Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_2478" title="Kosmos 2478">Kosmos 2478</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 13</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Compass-IGSO5" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass-IGSO5">Compass-IGSO5</a></li>

<li><a href="IGS_Radar_3" class="mw-redirect" title="IGS Radar 3">IGS Radar 3</a></li>

<li><a href="Pleiades_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleiades (satellite)">Pléiades-HR 1A</a>, <a href="SSOT_(satellite)" title="SSOT (satellite)">SSOT</a>, <a href="ELISA_1" class="mw-redirect" title="ELISA 1">ELISA 1</a>, <a href="ELISA_2" class="mw-redirect" title="ELISA 2">ELISA 2</a>, <a href="ELISA_3" class="mw-redirect" title="ELISA 3">ELISA 3</a>, <a href="ELISA_4" class="mw-redirect" title="ELISA 4">ELISA 4</a></li>

<li>NigComSat-1R</li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_TMA-03M" title="Soyuz TMA-03M">Soyuz TMA-03M</a></li>

<li>Ziyuan-1C</li>

<li><a href="Meridian_5" title="Meridian 5">Meridian 5</a></li>

<li>Globalstar M080, Globalstar M082, Globalstar M084, Globalstar M086, Globalstar M090, Globalstar M092</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-28" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Alpha_Magnetic_Spectrometer&oldid=1297786264">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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